Pakistan Electronic Media regulatory authority was establish under PAMERA ordinance 2002. In Musharraf’s Regime, certain amendments were proposed in the ordinance to restrict media’s right of freedom of speech; when media was playing its instrumental role in restoration of the chief justice if I may recall. Later on, those amendments were taken back by Musharraf.
Coming back to the ordinance, PAMERA has been under the influence of Federal Govt.
Refer to para no. 5 of the ordinance which makes federal government’s directives on a matter of policy were binding on the Authority
Quote
“The Federal Government may, as and when it considers necessary, issue directives to the Authority on matters of policy, and such directives shall be binding on the Authority, and if a question arises whether any matter is a matter of policy or not, the decision of the Federal Government shall be final”
Unquote
The Ultimate result, we see channel transmissions getting shut down and PAMERA cannot have its say if the channel was right because the Govt. over ruled it’s say.
Same is reflected in section 6
The Authority comprised a chairman and nine members, all appointed by the president. Out of the nine members, five had to be “eminent” citizens
Again, the government’s intervention reflected in clause 20:
The licensee was bound to broadcast programmes (in public interest) specified by the government or the Authority and comply with the rules and codes made by the Authority with the government approval.
At the moment, Media Experts say that PAMERA Ordinance has not been implemented the way it should have been. Where its objectives are to “improve the standards of information, education and entertainment”, to “enlarge the choice available to the people in the media for news, current affairs….music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest”; to “facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grass-roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level”, and to “ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimising the free flow of information.” it instead created a mechanism to control the electronic media restricting their right of freedom of speech just because of Government’s intervention.
PAMERA’s performance needs to be monitored whether it’s optimising the free flow of information or trying to restrict the flow of information and it should be done by an independent body media ethics specialized people.
Regards,
Owais Moeen
Sunday, September 5, 2010
PEMRA ORDINANCE
PEMRA (Pakistan Electronic Media Authority) established an ordinance in 2002, which is known as PEMRA ORDINANCE was implemented to monitor and facilitate private channels in Pakistan. It was important to regulate all private channels to improve the standard of educations, news, current affairs, entertainment, and science and technologies sectors. PEMRA does ensure about accountability, transparency and good governance by optimizing the free flow of information.
PEMRA doesn’t not only monitor electronic media but it also monitors FM RADIO, SATELITE TV, MMDS (Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) also known as wireless cable (wireless telecommunications technology) and many others.
PEMRA ORDINANCE 2002
In PEMRA ordinance 2002 PEMRA made some rules for all channels and services provider that how they should run their business and what will be the major responsibility of these channels PEMRA also set some rules which must be followed when channels run their content and flow chart. PEMRA also established some terms in their ordinance, which were mandatory to follow. Some of them are given below.
1- Respects the sovereignty, security and integrity of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
2- Respect the national, cultural, social and religious values and the principles of public policy as enshrined in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan;
3- Ensure that programmers and advertisements do not encourage violence, terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy or hatred;
4- Broadcast or distribute programmers in the public interest specified by the Federal Government or the Authority in the manner indicated by the Government or, as the case may be, the Authority, provided that the duration of such mandatory programmers do not exceed ten per cent of the total duration of broadcast or operation by a station in twenty-four hours except if, by its own volition, a station chooses to broadcast or distribute such content for a longer duration;
5- Comply with the codes of programmers and advertisements approved by the Authority;
6- Not broadcast or distribute any programmed or advertisement in violation of copyright or other property right;
After reviewing all these terms, do we think our news channels, entertainment channels and radio channels are following a single rule properly.
What are the reasons and who is behind all this nonsense? We don’t know but the only question is why PEMRA doesn’t take any action against such acts? Why Pakistani government is still quiet? Why this nonsense always makes us a foo? What is the objective and what will be the results?
Now I would say that the responsibility of bad image of Pakistani around the world is not only because of Media, but also because of the Government of Pakistan and PEMRA who is the regulating authority and controller of this nonsense.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
PEMRA doesn’t not only monitor electronic media but it also monitors FM RADIO, SATELITE TV, MMDS (Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) also known as wireless cable (wireless telecommunications technology) and many others.
PEMRA ORDINANCE 2002
In PEMRA ordinance 2002 PEMRA made some rules for all channels and services provider that how they should run their business and what will be the major responsibility of these channels PEMRA also set some rules which must be followed when channels run their content and flow chart. PEMRA also established some terms in their ordinance, which were mandatory to follow. Some of them are given below.
1- Respects the sovereignty, security and integrity of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
2- Respect the national, cultural, social and religious values and the principles of public policy as enshrined in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan;
3- Ensure that programmers and advertisements do not encourage violence, terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy or hatred;
4- Broadcast or distribute programmers in the public interest specified by the Federal Government or the Authority in the manner indicated by the Government or, as the case may be, the Authority, provided that the duration of such mandatory programmers do not exceed ten per cent of the total duration of broadcast or operation by a station in twenty-four hours except if, by its own volition, a station chooses to broadcast or distribute such content for a longer duration;
5- Comply with the codes of programmers and advertisements approved by the Authority;
6- Not broadcast or distribute any programmed or advertisement in violation of copyright or other property right;
After reviewing all these terms, do we think our news channels, entertainment channels and radio channels are following a single rule properly.
What are the reasons and who is behind all this nonsense? We don’t know but the only question is why PEMRA doesn’t take any action against such acts? Why Pakistani government is still quiet? Why this nonsense always makes us a foo? What is the objective and what will be the results?
Now I would say that the responsibility of bad image of Pakistani around the world is not only because of Media, but also because of the Government of Pakistan and PEMRA who is the regulating authority and controller of this nonsense.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
Journalism VS Activism
Journalism is not a business but it is an important responsibility. Journalists in the form of reporters gather reports of events at the local, national and international levels. Reporter gathers information through resources, interviews and research.
Journalists do not only find facts, but they also create an analysis of the news they cover which include news and speeches by notable people. In broadcast, freshly hired journalists also do pre-interviews and research for senior journalists.
Journalists are mostly busy in finding breaking news, features stories, and enterprise or investigative stories but on the other hand, they also write editorial, columns reviews, and online journalism; a part of journalism which has spread with the advent of digital communication.
Online journalism is also growing day by day nowadays, as journalists mostly communicate with blogs and discussion boards for online media, for it is more powerful and time efficient, where journalists can express public views and highlight facts very easily.
Activists arise mostly from journalism. Activists are those who give their viewpoint on reporting, interviewing, research, columns & online journalism; they also cover hard news but some people say that activists are a paranoid form of journalism because activists always give their viewpoint on each news; and most of the time their point of view becomes biased and terrified. Activists gain popularity among general public because they always say what people want to hear. Activists rule in the mind of the general public.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
Journalists do not only find facts, but they also create an analysis of the news they cover which include news and speeches by notable people. In broadcast, freshly hired journalists also do pre-interviews and research for senior journalists.
Journalists are mostly busy in finding breaking news, features stories, and enterprise or investigative stories but on the other hand, they also write editorial, columns reviews, and online journalism; a part of journalism which has spread with the advent of digital communication.
Online journalism is also growing day by day nowadays, as journalists mostly communicate with blogs and discussion boards for online media, for it is more powerful and time efficient, where journalists can express public views and highlight facts very easily.
Activists arise mostly from journalism. Activists are those who give their viewpoint on reporting, interviewing, research, columns & online journalism; they also cover hard news but some people say that activists are a paranoid form of journalism because activists always give their viewpoint on each news; and most of the time their point of view becomes biased and terrified. Activists gain popularity among general public because they always say what people want to hear. Activists rule in the mind of the general public.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
Review on ---- Pakistan - A Love Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLuq978T0vo
Written and Produced by Owais Moeen
Directed by Zubair Siddiqi
A documentary by ‘alienation’ showed that their work was about love stories people want to see on television, but when it comes to our society, then it is a taboo issue altogether. We have Karo Kari and forced marriages in our less-educated or illiterate parts of the society. But what is the impact of these love stories on our evolving society - Positive or Negative?
This was a class project of Iobm students solely prepares to create awareness of Media Ethics.
Review
This documentry began with a song by Strings, Kahani Mohabbat ki hay mukhtasir, which gave them the element to attract the attention of the audience.
According to the view point shown through this documentary, they wanted to make people aware that it is the media which is influencing our society in doing such acts which leads to Karo Kari. And the fact that girls get married against their wishes only because the groom’s family want dowry in return. We do not know the reason why this happens, and why girls get killed because they brought less dowry with them or they belonged to a lower class family as compared to their in-laws.
Most girls are divorced and the rationale given is that she has a bad character or that she was fostering relations with other men, and doing all behind the back of her husband. But the real issue is always dowry
This does happen in our society, but it is our media which plays a vital role in spreading such news and information to the masses, which is not ethical. As private channels grew, they used sensationalism to increase their ratings and viewership, and to do that they started airing news related to sex, rape cases, Karo Kari, girls getting humiliated and even murdered by their in-laws and families.
In this documentary, they also showed the hidden videos of couples belonging to mediocre families, who are indulged in doing oral sex. But here comes the biasness on the side of the group who made this documentary. Such vulgar acts between people of the opposite sex are also a normal act in the upper and upper-middle class families, where “everything” happens in dance parties. Even some people belonging to the middle class family also do such acts but no one highlights them.
In my opinion, the path chosen by the members of this group who made the documentary was clear. But the videos they showed were not appropriate. Not because they were vulgar, but because if they have shown people from the lower class doing oral sex, then vides of people from the upper and upper-middle class doing the same vulgar acts must have shown. This would have given a balanced picture of our society, that both the lower and upper class is having fun and doing unethical acts, which are morally unacceptable in our society.
Whatever they showed in their video is also not appropriate. Such issues of taboo nature are dealt with delicacy. If they had to discuss such a topic, then some other means should have been followed to explain their point. One more thing that I noticed was the imbalanced nature of interviews and videos. The interviews taken were from a different class and the videos of people making out were from a different social class altogether. It must have been a documentary showing interviews of a certain class of people and the people from the same class having a love affair. The members of this group have not justice with the documentary and the topic. By watching their video, one might have a perception that only the lower class is doing immoral activities. But the truth is, every social class is being entertained by such immoral acts. Some get propagated, others remain confined behind curtains.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
Written and Produced by Owais Moeen
Directed by Zubair Siddiqi
A documentary by ‘alienation’ showed that their work was about love stories people want to see on television, but when it comes to our society, then it is a taboo issue altogether. We have Karo Kari and forced marriages in our less-educated or illiterate parts of the society. But what is the impact of these love stories on our evolving society - Positive or Negative?
This was a class project of Iobm students solely prepares to create awareness of Media Ethics.
Review
This documentry began with a song by Strings, Kahani Mohabbat ki hay mukhtasir, which gave them the element to attract the attention of the audience.
According to the view point shown through this documentary, they wanted to make people aware that it is the media which is influencing our society in doing such acts which leads to Karo Kari. And the fact that girls get married against their wishes only because the groom’s family want dowry in return. We do not know the reason why this happens, and why girls get killed because they brought less dowry with them or they belonged to a lower class family as compared to their in-laws.
Most girls are divorced and the rationale given is that she has a bad character or that she was fostering relations with other men, and doing all behind the back of her husband. But the real issue is always dowry
This does happen in our society, but it is our media which plays a vital role in spreading such news and information to the masses, which is not ethical. As private channels grew, they used sensationalism to increase their ratings and viewership, and to do that they started airing news related to sex, rape cases, Karo Kari, girls getting humiliated and even murdered by their in-laws and families.
In this documentary, they also showed the hidden videos of couples belonging to mediocre families, who are indulged in doing oral sex. But here comes the biasness on the side of the group who made this documentary. Such vulgar acts between people of the opposite sex are also a normal act in the upper and upper-middle class families, where “everything” happens in dance parties. Even some people belonging to the middle class family also do such acts but no one highlights them.
In my opinion, the path chosen by the members of this group who made the documentary was clear. But the videos they showed were not appropriate. Not because they were vulgar, but because if they have shown people from the lower class doing oral sex, then vides of people from the upper and upper-middle class doing the same vulgar acts must have shown. This would have given a balanced picture of our society, that both the lower and upper class is having fun and doing unethical acts, which are morally unacceptable in our society.
Whatever they showed in their video is also not appropriate. Such issues of taboo nature are dealt with delicacy. If they had to discuss such a topic, then some other means should have been followed to explain their point. One more thing that I noticed was the imbalanced nature of interviews and videos. The interviews taken were from a different class and the videos of people making out were from a different social class altogether. It must have been a documentary showing interviews of a certain class of people and the people from the same class having a love affair. The members of this group have not justice with the documentary and the topic. By watching their video, one might have a perception that only the lower class is doing immoral activities. But the truth is, every social class is being entertained by such immoral acts. Some get propagated, others remain confined behind curtains.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
Copyright
The word copyright is a confusing word for many people in the world. In April 1989, US dropped the requirement for a copyright notice to have copyright protection. Items prior to April of 1989 without a copyright notice lost protection but it still the area of Copyright is a gray one.
The Copyright Ordinance 1962 governed copyright law in Pakistan. Significant changes were made through the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1992 and the Copyright (Amendment) Ordinance 2000, whereby, Copyright protection originally available to literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, cinematographic and architectural works, books, photographs, newspapers, engravings, lectures, and sculptures was extended to include computer software, periodicals, video films and all forms of audio-visual work.
The copyright law protects literary works, including works on humanity, religion, social and physical sciences, tables, compilation of data, computer programs and artistic work, including phonograms, and contains penalties for copyright violations. These rights extend for 50 years from the year of creation or performance. Provisions of the copyright law consists of the permissions which the government grants in the form of a license to reprint, translate, adapt or publish any text or book, any video or movie on a non- profit basis in the public interest.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
The Copyright Ordinance 1962 governed copyright law in Pakistan. Significant changes were made through the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1992 and the Copyright (Amendment) Ordinance 2000, whereby, Copyright protection originally available to literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, cinematographic and architectural works, books, photographs, newspapers, engravings, lectures, and sculptures was extended to include computer software, periodicals, video films and all forms of audio-visual work.
The copyright law protects literary works, including works on humanity, religion, social and physical sciences, tables, compilation of data, computer programs and artistic work, including phonograms, and contains penalties for copyright violations. These rights extend for 50 years from the year of creation or performance. Provisions of the copyright law consists of the permissions which the government grants in the form of a license to reprint, translate, adapt or publish any text or book, any video or movie on a non- profit basis in the public interest.
Regards,
Muhammad Raheel Rauf
Saturday, September 4, 2010
Review on Film Network
Network (1976) is director Sidney Lumet's brilliant criticism of the hollow, lurid wasteland of television journalism where entertainment value and short-term ratings were more crucial than quality. Paddy Chayefsky's black, prophetic, satirical commentary/criticism of corporate evil (in the tabloid-tainted television industry) is an insightful indictment of the rabid desire for ratings. Indignation toward the network executives by an unbalanced news-anchorman (Finch) ("I'm mad as hell, and I'm not going to take it anymore") is manipulated by ruthless VP programming boss (Dunaway) for further ratings. One of the film's posters correctly proclaimed: "Television will never be the same."
Television has been the victim, so to speak, of a number of self-righteous attacks, in diverse mediums such as commentaries, books, fiction, and even on television itself. Most of these attacks centre around the idea that TV exploits the players on programs, as well as lowering the general taste and intellect of the culture. But no attack, at least cinematically, has been as vicious, black-hearted, and utterly nihilistic as Paddy Chayfesky`s Network (1976). The treatment of its subject is such that it is amazing this film was even produced.
Network is a movie that raises the question: If television isn't reality, then in what kind of reality do the people who create television exist? Originally released in 1976, Network blasts the falseness of television; corporate control of a TV network; and how television can succeed in destroying the lives of those involved with trying to produce high ratings.
The main plot of Network follows TV news anchorman Howard Beale (played by Peter Finch) who works for a fictional fourth-rated TV network called UBS (Universal Broadcasting System). Beale's ratings on the UBS nightly news hour have slipped and he is about to get fired. In an act of desperation, Beale announces in the middle of his news monologue that he will "blow his brains out" on his program next week -- so tune in! The UBS management team starts to damage control and begins to try and balance Beale's metal breakdown versus the soaring ratings.
Network does not simply show television production as a sit-com or soap opera (like the horrendous movie Broadcast News did in 1987). Instead, it puts flawed characters into impossible situations. The characters in Network work themselves in and out of trouble through interactions with others; and in the end all is not forgiven and not everything ends happily.
Network Showcases The Transformation of Journalism
It’s no secret that broadcast journalism nearly ended newspapers, but in Network the plot follows the rise of sensational news on television.
Editors and producers in the film find that news involving crime, violence or sexual abuse receive more ratings and viewers are especially entertained by Beale's madness. Diana Christensen capitalizes on Beale’s insanity by creating The Howard Beale Show where he rants in expletives and unending shouts addressing the ails of society.
UBS becomes the highest rating network until Beale ironically reveals a corporate deal between the network and investors in the Middle East and the network loses billions of dollars.
Today, the notion of the 24-hour news channel and lightning fast snippets of breaking news are catering to instant gratification and sensationalism. Although released 30-years-ago, Network continues to be a viable film that documents the changing landscape of journalism.
Enjoyable Rating: 6 out of 10 for an intellectual look at journalism and what human nature drives us to watch.
Regards,
Zahra Lalani
Television has been the victim, so to speak, of a number of self-righteous attacks, in diverse mediums such as commentaries, books, fiction, and even on television itself. Most of these attacks centre around the idea that TV exploits the players on programs, as well as lowering the general taste and intellect of the culture. But no attack, at least cinematically, has been as vicious, black-hearted, and utterly nihilistic as Paddy Chayfesky`s Network (1976). The treatment of its subject is such that it is amazing this film was even produced.
Network is a movie that raises the question: If television isn't reality, then in what kind of reality do the people who create television exist? Originally released in 1976, Network blasts the falseness of television; corporate control of a TV network; and how television can succeed in destroying the lives of those involved with trying to produce high ratings.
The main plot of Network follows TV news anchorman Howard Beale (played by Peter Finch) who works for a fictional fourth-rated TV network called UBS (Universal Broadcasting System). Beale's ratings on the UBS nightly news hour have slipped and he is about to get fired. In an act of desperation, Beale announces in the middle of his news monologue that he will "blow his brains out" on his program next week -- so tune in! The UBS management team starts to damage control and begins to try and balance Beale's metal breakdown versus the soaring ratings.
Network does not simply show television production as a sit-com or soap opera (like the horrendous movie Broadcast News did in 1987). Instead, it puts flawed characters into impossible situations. The characters in Network work themselves in and out of trouble through interactions with others; and in the end all is not forgiven and not everything ends happily.
Network Showcases The Transformation of Journalism
It’s no secret that broadcast journalism nearly ended newspapers, but in Network the plot follows the rise of sensational news on television.
Editors and producers in the film find that news involving crime, violence or sexual abuse receive more ratings and viewers are especially entertained by Beale's madness. Diana Christensen capitalizes on Beale’s insanity by creating The Howard Beale Show where he rants in expletives and unending shouts addressing the ails of society.
UBS becomes the highest rating network until Beale ironically reveals a corporate deal between the network and investors in the Middle East and the network loses billions of dollars.
Today, the notion of the 24-hour news channel and lightning fast snippets of breaking news are catering to instant gratification and sensationalism. Although released 30-years-ago, Network continues to be a viable film that documents the changing landscape of journalism.
Enjoyable Rating: 6 out of 10 for an intellectual look at journalism and what human nature drives us to watch.
Regards,
Zahra Lalani
Copyright
Introduction:-
In Pakistan, copyright protection is governed by the provisions of the Copyright Ordinance, 1962 ("the Ordinance") which is modelled on the English Act of 1914. Pakistan is a member of Berne Copyright Union and the Universal Copyright Convention.
Recent Developments:-
One of the most significant developments in relation to the protection of copyright in Pakistan is the recent promulgation of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1992 ("the Amendment Act"). Copyright protection originally available to literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, cinematographic and architectural works, books, photographs, newspapers, engravings, lectures, records (defined as "any disc, tape, wire, perforated roll or other device in which sounds are embodied so as to be capable of being reproduced therefrom, other than a sound track associated with a cinematographic work") and sculptures is now extended to computer software, periodicals, video films and all kind of audio-visual works.
The Ordinance now provides stiffer penalties for offenders and better compensation to the persons whose rights have been infringed. The manner in which the copyright is breached has also been extended. Entirely new offences have been created through the Amendment Act which, inter alia, include penalties for publishing collections or compendiums of work (the Ordinance defines "work" to include literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, cinematographic works and a record) which have been adapted, translated or modified in any manner without the authority of the owner of the copyright.
Section 37 of the Ordinance has been amended to restrict granting of licences to produce and publish translation of a literary or dramatic work in English, French or Spanish, hence an applicant requesting the grant of licence, upon granting of the licence and payment of prescribed royalty to the author, can produce and publish translation of a literary or dramatic work in any Pakistani language or any language not being English, French or Spanish.
Foreign Authors:-
The Ordinance has distinct provisions for Pakistani and foreign works. Section 6(1) provides that a work published in Pakistan shall be deemed to be first published in Pakistan, notwithstanding that it has been published simultaneously in some other country, unless such other country provides a shorter term of copyright for such work; and a work is deemed to be published simultaneously in Pakistan and in another country if the time between the publication in Pakistan and the publication in such country does not exceed thirty days. Section 8 entitles a body corporate to be considered domiciled in Pakistan if it is incorporated under any law in force in Pakistan or it has an established place of business in Pakistan. Although the Ordinance has provisions for granting compulsory licences, nevertheless, such a licence can only be acquired for Pakistani work and no compulsory licence can be granted for any work whose author in not a citizen of Pakistan or whose `record' is not manufactured in Pakistan.
Duration of Copyright:-
The period of copyright of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph) is the life of the author and 50 years thereafter. In the case of a cinematographic work and a photograph, copyright subsists until 50 years from the beginning of the calendar year from publication of the work.
Regards,
Zahra Lalani
In Pakistan, copyright protection is governed by the provisions of the Copyright Ordinance, 1962 ("the Ordinance") which is modelled on the English Act of 1914. Pakistan is a member of Berne Copyright Union and the Universal Copyright Convention.
Recent Developments:-
One of the most significant developments in relation to the protection of copyright in Pakistan is the recent promulgation of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1992 ("the Amendment Act"). Copyright protection originally available to literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, cinematographic and architectural works, books, photographs, newspapers, engravings, lectures, records (defined as "any disc, tape, wire, perforated roll or other device in which sounds are embodied so as to be capable of being reproduced therefrom, other than a sound track associated with a cinematographic work") and sculptures is now extended to computer software, periodicals, video films and all kind of audio-visual works.
The Ordinance now provides stiffer penalties for offenders and better compensation to the persons whose rights have been infringed. The manner in which the copyright is breached has also been extended. Entirely new offences have been created through the Amendment Act which, inter alia, include penalties for publishing collections or compendiums of work (the Ordinance defines "work" to include literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, cinematographic works and a record) which have been adapted, translated or modified in any manner without the authority of the owner of the copyright.
Section 37 of the Ordinance has been amended to restrict granting of licences to produce and publish translation of a literary or dramatic work in English, French or Spanish, hence an applicant requesting the grant of licence, upon granting of the licence and payment of prescribed royalty to the author, can produce and publish translation of a literary or dramatic work in any Pakistani language or any language not being English, French or Spanish.
Foreign Authors:-
The Ordinance has distinct provisions for Pakistani and foreign works. Section 6(1) provides that a work published in Pakistan shall be deemed to be first published in Pakistan, notwithstanding that it has been published simultaneously in some other country, unless such other country provides a shorter term of copyright for such work; and a work is deemed to be published simultaneously in Pakistan and in another country if the time between the publication in Pakistan and the publication in such country does not exceed thirty days. Section 8 entitles a body corporate to be considered domiciled in Pakistan if it is incorporated under any law in force in Pakistan or it has an established place of business in Pakistan. Although the Ordinance has provisions for granting compulsory licences, nevertheless, such a licence can only be acquired for Pakistani work and no compulsory licence can be granted for any work whose author in not a citizen of Pakistan or whose `record' is not manufactured in Pakistan.
Duration of Copyright:-
The period of copyright of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph) is the life of the author and 50 years thereafter. In the case of a cinematographic work and a photograph, copyright subsists until 50 years from the beginning of the calendar year from publication of the work.
Regards,
Zahra Lalani
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